Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

What is Alcoholic Steatohepatitis?

Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Diagnosis

The liver biopsy can confirm the etiology of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and assess structural alterations of cells, their organelles, as well as inflammatory activity. Three histological stages of ALD are simple steatosis, ASH, and chronic hepatitis with hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis. These latter stages may also be associated with a number of cellular and histological changes, including the presence of Mallory’s hyaline, megamitochondria, or perivenular and perisinusoidal fibrosis. Genetic polymorphisms of ethanol metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome p450 (CYP) 2E1 activation may change the severity of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) [2].

The classical clinical syndrome of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) consists of jaundice, varying degrees of hepatic failure, abdominal distress, fever, and leukocytosis, although patients with the histological features of the entity may be asymptomatic and anicteric. The syndrome appears in patients who have been consuming excessive amounts of alcohol for periods of 1–5 years or more. Factors that affect the development of liver injury include the dose, duration, and type of alcohol consumption, drinking patterns, sex, age, ethnicity, as well as associated risk factors such as obesity, iron overload, concomitant infections, and genetics.

Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Pathology Outlines

Steatosis is defined as the accumulation of lipid droplets in the hepatocyte cytoplasm. The term “fatty degeneration” has been used when > 5% of hepatocytes show steatosis while the fatty liver is the term described when > 50% of hepatocytes show steatosis. In ALD the steatosis is usually macrovesicular or mixed microvesicular and macrovesicular. 

Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Symptoms

Symptoms usually become apparent in patients during their 30s or 40s; severe problems appear about a decade later. Most people don’t show any symptoms of alcoholic steatohepatitis. An abnormal liver blood test result may cause a red flag, so the doctor may run more tests to see what’s going on. Whether it’s alcoholic or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, there may be some symptoms. As the disease progresses, more common symptoms may include:

To determine if you have alcoholic steatohepatitis, typically, a liver biopsy will be performed. To see how far along the progression is, an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI may be performed. Your doctor will likely look at your medical history and inquire about your drinking habits. If alcohol intake is limited, it could be nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Causes and Risk Factors

To effectively cope with the problem, it is necessary to have an idea of both the disease itself and the sources that generate it. This pathology is an inflammation in the liver tissues that occurs against the background of the degeneration of the liver fat cells. Physicians divide into several types, which cause various pathologies. Causes of steatohepatitis.

1. Alcoholic genesis. Almost every third person who abuses alcoholic beverages can observe the development of this deviation.
2. Metabolic genesis – pathology based on disturbances in metabolic processes.
   1. Excessively large body weight.
   2. Deficiency of protein.
   3. Deficiency of insulin in the body, causing diabetes.
   4. Rapid weight loss.
   5. The hunger strike.
   6. Failure in lipid (fat) metabolism – dyslipidemia.
   7. Complete replacement of the patient’s natural nutrition by parenteral food intake (bypassing the digestive organs). Primarily this is an intravenous route.
   8. Continuous and repeated administration of glucose into the vein.
3. Medicinal trace of the disease. A number of drugs can cause poisoning with chemical compounds (intoxication), as well as fatty infiltration, which is due to increased accumulation of lipid constituents in the liver cells. Such consequences can be observed after taking some medicines:
   1. Cytostatics that block the cell’s ability to divide.
   2. Glucocorticoids, directly affecting the human hormonal background.
   3. A number of antibiotic drugs.
   4. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used as analgesics, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agents.
4. Provoke this deviation is also capable of surgical intervention, performed on the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the case of partial removal of the small intestine.
5. The reason for degeneration is diverticulosis, a deviation resulting from the formation of a sacciform appearance of the wall of the small intestine. At the same time there is an increased increase in the intestine of a colony of pathogenic microorganisms.
6. Wilson-Konovalov’s pathology, associated with a change in the normal exchange of copper.
7. And a number of other factors. All sources of modern medicine are not yet known for certain.

Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Treatment

The liver is an incredible organ and may be able to reverse a good bit of the damage with its self-healing capabilities. However, if the disease has progressed into the final stages of liver disease, the chances of reversing the damage decrease significantly.

Abstaining from drinking all forms of alcohol is the first step to managing alcoholic steatohepatitis. Your physician may refer you to an alcohol recovery program if you’re struggling with quitting on your own.

To date, there are no medications that specifically treat this disease. To manage symptoms for both alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, physicians recommend:

The medications people use when they have alcoholic steatohepatitis are to manage the symptoms and complications. For instance:

However, there are ongoing clinical trials on the efficiency of stem-cell therapy. Most of the management routines for alcoholic steatohepatitis are lifestyle amendments.

Alcohol Abuse Treatment

Alcoholic steatohepatitis is a progressive disease that can ultimately lead to death. If you’re a moderate to heavy drinker, it’s best if you stop drinking entirely. If you cannot quit on your own, reach out for help. If the disease leads to alcoholic cirrhosis, your physician may treat it with various medications or surgery. If the liver starts to fail, there is the option of having a liver transplant.

The goal of alcoholic steatohepatitis treatment is to restore some or all normal functioning to the liver. Abstinence from alcohol can have a great effect on survival even in people with alcoholic steatohepatitis. However, if you have alcoholic steatohepatitis and do not stop drinking, no medical or surgical treatment can prevent liver failure. Thus, the treatment for alcohol-related liver disease and treatment for an alcohol use disorder go hand in hand.

The first step in treatment is to help the individual stop drinking. This may involve an inpatient alcohol treatment program. Sometimes diet changes are advised, too. The liver is often able to fix some of the damage caused by alcohol so you can live a normal life. 

Medically Assisted Detox

Usually, the first step in inpatient alcohol treatment is medically assisted detox. Doctors and addiction specialists monitor clients’ vital signs while alcohol exit the system. Depending on the type of substance a person is detoxing from, alcohol withdrawal symptoms may differ.

Cravings are very common during detox and can be challenging to overcome. This often leads to relapse. Constant medical care provided during inpatient treatment helps prevent relapse. Clinicians can provide necessary medication and medical expertise to lessen cravings and withdrawals.

Medication-Assisted Treatments

Medication-Assisted Treatments (MAT) for alcohol use disorder and liver disease are commonly used in conjunction with one another. This includes the use of medications and other medical procedures. Typically, individuals undergoing alcohol withdrawal management are administered benzodiazepines under the supervision of an addiction medicine physician, whereas steroids are often used to deal with inflammation of the liver that is associated with alcoholic-related liver disease.

During your rehab, the staff from your treatment facility will help you identify what caused your addiction and teach you skills that will help you change your behavior patterns and challenge the negative thoughts that led to your addiction. Sometimes, the pressures and problems in your life lead you to rely on substances to help you forget about them momentarily.

Integrated Mental Health Care

Alcohol affects mental health, so people may use it to self-medicate undiagnosed disorders. Rehab centers typically provide mental health screenings, diagnoses, and integrated treatment for co-occurring disorders. In addition, holistic and therapeutic approaches are often used to treat recovering addicts with these conditions.

Behavioral Therapies

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) can improve addicts’ behavior. CBT targets negative and maladaptive thought patterns as it promotes positive emotions and beliefs, while DBT helps clients address conflicting impulses so they can make healthy choices. Both therapies treat substance abuse and mental health disorders. Therapy also empowers clients to identify, avoid and mitigate cues that trigger drug cravings.